That is interesting Stan, thanks for posting, but… you’ve just sent me down a few internet rabbit holes as I was curious (after all this time) about (why) a clock speed (rate) of 4.77 MHz
We sure have come a long way from the 40 pin DIP (dual in-line package) CPU P8088 (Intel 8088) and socketed too !
You dupe the card you're starting with up to the place where you want to insert the character. Then you put your thumb on the card you're duping and type the character to be inserted. Then you dupe the rest of the card. Hard on the keypunch.
Amazing history in here and a bit before my time. My first was the Sinclair spectrum. Now days it's programming CNC machines and robotics. Started with DOS G-codes and now graphical. Amazing how far we have come.
When I look at the 5" disks we used to use, I just smile.
So you guys are even before my time. I feel better now 😀
About that time I purchased an Apple II. The disk drives weren't ready so I loaded an assembler off cassette tape and programmed in 6502 assembler for a while. Reminded me a lot of HP's RPN.
When I was working at the IBM Almaden Research Center in the 90s, one of the cash registers in the cafeteria broke. Naturally the techies gathered round when the repairman showed up, to see what was inside. It had an 8 inch floppy. Boy did that sucker look big.
Remember the Byte magazine cartoon with the guy in a shirt with a pocket for an 8 inch floppy?
Yep, me too in the late 70's at uni. And if the ribbon on the keypunch displaying the code at the top of the card above the holes was low on ink or whatever you were flying blind punching in code.
Either way, we then handed our cards to the techies/operators and picked up the cards and printed output the next day.
It was very annoying when a single stupid typo in the code (Fortran) would result in pages of error messages. After repunching the faulty card after often waiting in a queue for a keypunch machine it was another 24hrs before seeing the output.
I once programmed th song "10 green bottles" using punched cards with output to a printer. Unfortunately I forgot to set the counter to 10 to start with so it defaulted to 0. By the time I came to test if if was equal to zero it was at -1. You can guess the rest.
I was handed 2 very large boxes of paper and told never to do that again! Lesson learned.
When I was working at QM, University of London the main teaching lab had a 'glasshouse' computer room to one side holding the PPD11-70 and about six storage module drives (for people that don't know them, they were about the size of a washing machine and had an enormous capacity of 300MB). The students work on about 40 VDUs attached to the system in the main lab. One of the smarter ones worked out a shell script which would make an SMD seek backwards and forwards, resulting in the whole thing rocking back and forth. One day when a no-so-popular member of staff was in the computer room, suddenly all the disc drives around him started moving in on him...
I started with writing Atlas Autocode using punched tape before graduating to Fortran and punched cards. Sometimes a run would fail and be returned with the hand written error message “Hairy holes”.
My introduction to programming was CS2601, a FOTRAN service course for non majors. Also my introduction to the KP29 which I used for a couple of assignments until I decided there must be a better way - I saw other people using teletype 33 and that looked more interesting. And so I moved from keypunch on IBM to teletype 33 on PDP 11/70 RSTS/E. And a crash course in timesharing, editing, file management, compiling, and linking loading .. and if lucky execution.
A couple summers later and I had a summer job in the medical school as a programmer. There was a matronly woman who was the keypunch operator and man, were her fingers quick. She worked off a large pad with a steel ruler if keep her place on the paper, and touch-typed to punch cards.
Here's the point of my post ... after she punched a set of cards she would then verify them using a verifier. This device amazed me. It appeared to be an exact copy of a KP29 (and maybe it was just a KP29 with a different setup, I don't know) but it did not actually punch holes in the card. The keypunch operator would load the freshly punched cards in the hopper and type them all again, hopefully without making any mistakes. And if a mistake had happened with the first punching, then a mark would be placed at that column on that card indication a verification mismatch. Wow. When I first saw this in action it blew my mind. What a concept.