There are a good few ways to do that, often with quite a struggle.
Some folks store them with meaningful file-names and/or in specifically-named folders then use their OS's search function to find them. A popular and easy-to-do method.
You?
I use XnView MP to insert IPTC key-words into the image-file. Then XnView can search for them, and present them on my screen in contact-sheet format (catalog?). XnView's Search Engine is the best on the planet, IMHO. You can even set it to search through all the sub-folders of your target - although searching the computer root e.g. C:\ could take a while ...
I do this because, over the years, my files have become randomly scattered all over my drive and my memory of where stuff resides and what the file-name was when saved is pretty poor these days (I'm 86).
Comments/questions welcome ...